In order to model a crew, oars, and boat with ROWING many items of fairly accurate data must be made available. Shown below is the skeleton data form used by the program ROWING:
Job ID-1 Job ID-2 Job ID-3 X---+----1----+----2----+----3-2/ 10010101 0 1101/ Program Control line; ROWING Ver. 9.00 - Program Control: 1= 0-Blade as drag body 1-Blade as hydrofoil - 2= 0-Fixed resistance factor 1-ITTC-'57 skin friction line - 3= 0-Linear oarhandle pull 1-Parabolic oarhandle pull - 4= 0-Linear L2,4,R8,S8 vels. 1-Parabolic L2,4,R8,S8 vels. - 5= 0-No display vectors 1-Display vectors - 6= 0,2-Free period fixed 1,3-Stroke rating fixed - 0 Power bal. by Period 1 Power bal. by Rating - 2 Power bal. by Pull force 3 Power bal. by Pull force - 7= 0-Balance on total power 1-Balance on oarhandle power - 8= 0-Force data: chain-pull 1-Force data: normal to shaft - 19= 0-No write graphing files 1-Always write graphing files - 29= 0-Output English units 1-Output metric (SI) units - - [Type line: Cols. 15-74 _____________________________________] -Data file: <________.___> C SHELL DATA: Type- W= ___ kg, L= __ m, S= __ ft^2 Shell type: ____________________________________________________________] C Shell Bow Saxbrd Cp, Cb, Shell Resistance_ Head Bound C length half beam Prism Block weight factors____ -wind layer C Ls, ft angle ft coeff. coeff. W, lbm Water Air knots ft C ------ ----- ------ ------- ------- ------- ----- ----- ----- ----- 00.00 00.00 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 000.00 0.000 0.000 00.0 0.000 C OAR DATA: Oar type: ____________________________________________________________] C Oar Handle Shaft Oar Blade_________________________________ C length length stiff. weight Area Angle Drag_coeff.___ C Lo, ft Lh, ft lbf/ft lbm/ft S,ft^2 deg Normal Axial C ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ 00.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.000 C OAR DATA (Cont.): WATER DATA: C Slide Half- Total Arms Pin Sculls Fresh C excur. spread draw bend reach 2, or Temp. 1, or C X, ft ft D, ft B, ft R, ft sweeps F sea C ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 2,1 00.0 1,2 C Theta1= 00.00; Theta2= 000.0; dT= 00.0 degrees - R= Lh *cos(T1); D= R -Lh *cos(T2) - T1= acos(R /Lh); T2= acos((R -D) /Lh) C CREW DATA: Crew type: ____________________________________________________________] C Torso_ Slide_ C Rower Coxs'n Fract. Ftbrd. Rower_height_ Peak_pull____ Free Stroke C weight weight rower fract. Actual Base Crew Peak-1 Peak-2 period rating C lbm lbm weight weight in in size lbf lbf sec 1/min C ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ------ ------ ------ ------ 000.0 000.0 0.400 0.150 0.00 0.00 0 000.0 000.0 0.000 00.00 P STROKE DATA: C Stroke regime period ratios______________________________________________Ts C Free_Ta Drive________________________Td Free-run______________________Tf C Torso__ Slide__________________________ Torso___________________________ C Accel. Zero Accel. Steady Decel. Decel. Accel. Steady Decel. C phase phase phase phase phase phase phase phase phase C Ra1 Rl1 Rl2 Rl3 Rl4,5 Rd5 5, Rr6 Rr7 Rr8 C ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ^ ------- ^------- ------- ------- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 C STROKE DATA (Cont.): Slide___________________________ C Lag 5, Rs6 Rs7 Rs8 C ---------------------------------------- ------- ^------- ------- ------- [0.000] 0.000 0.000 0.000 C STROKE DATA (Cont.): C Hands/arms_____________________ Oarhandle_pull_ Initial________ C Zero Accel. Steady Decel. Surge Power Shell Drive/ Vel. C phase phase phase phase phase phase speed return expnt. C Rh1 Rh2 Rh3 Rh4, 5 Rp1 Rp2, 3 ft/sec ratio V^x C ------- ------- ------- -------^ ------- -------^ ------- ------- ------ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 00.00 0.000 2.000 C Oar blade lift and drag coefficients: Hydrofoil: _____________________________________________________________] C Attack angle C ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 C Lift coefficient C ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C Drag coefficient C ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 C Stall angle Stall point Drag adj. Lift adj. C ----------- ----------- --------- --------- 00.0 00 1.00 1.00 Note: All data will be input as English units whether or not originally supplied in SI units. C, P, -, and x lines are comment lines.
You may here download the blank input data file, row.dfm.
Three Job Identification text lines
Job ID-1
Job ID-2
Job ID-3
One Program Control line
Entries as specified above.
Input File Name
The input data file specification.
Shell type
A brief text only summary of the shell.
Shell Data
Shell length: The actual length from ball to stern. ROWING estimates
waterline length from estimated bow and stern sheer angles and modifies it as
displacement varies.
Bow half angle (at waterline): Used in estimate for form drag addition.
Saxboard beam: At deck (but not if sides flare) or waterline.
Prism coefficient: From hull form (usually known only to the hull designer
and similar for similar hull forms.) Used in estimating hull wetted surface
area as a function of displacement.
Block coefficient: From hull form (usually known only to the hull designer
and similar for similar hull forms). Used in estimating hull draft as a
function of displacement.
Shell weight: Except oars, coxswain, and crew. ROWING uses minimum shell
weight allowed by the Rules of Rowing if better weight not known.
Resistance factor, water: K in the relation D= KVs^2 where D is the total
design displacement drag force at average shell speed Vs. (Usually known only
to the hull designer but should probably be part of the published shell
specification.)
Resistance factor, air: Unknown. ROWING uses K /10.
Head-wind (knots): Zero unless otherwise specified.
Bound fluid layer thickness: Unknown. Affects the inertial mass of the
shell.
Oar type
A brief text only summary of the oars and blades.
Oar Data
Oar length: Handle center of effort to blade center of pressure.
Handle length: Handle center of effort to oarlock pin.
Shaft stiffness: Pounds per foot of deflection at the blade center when
loaded as a simple beam with fulcrum at the pin and reaction at the handle
center of effort.
Oar weight: Overall weight divided by oar length.
Blade area: Surface area of the blade, except submerged portions of shaft.
Blade angle: Average cant angle between shaft and blade chord.
Drag coefficient, normal: Normal to blade. Used as initial assumption in
blade slip iterations.
Drag coefficient, axial: Used for blade chordal skin friction loss
estimates.
Slide excursion: From full compression to full leg extension (rower size
dependent).
Half spread: Hull centerline to pin.
Total draw: Total hands excursion from start to finish (includes catch to
release distance) (rower size dependent). Moderates oar sweep arc.
Arms bend: Excursion of hands with respect to shoulder (rower size
dependent). Moderates torso speed in relation to oarhandle speed.
Pin reach: Distance of hands "through the work" at the start (rigging
dependent). Moderates catch bow angle.
Sculls or sweeps: 2 or 1 oar per rower.
Water temperature, F: Default 56F.
Water composition: Fresh or sea.
Crew type
A brief text only summary of the crew.
Crew Data
Rower weight: Including clothing.
Coxswain weight: Including clothing.
Torso fraction of rower weight: Fraction of rower weight assigned to the
torso and head (from cadaver studies).
Footboard fraction weight: Fraction of lower body weight assigned to the
footboard (the boat).
Rower actual height, and:
Rower base height: Ratio used in studying effect of rower size on draw,
slide excursion, etc.
Crew size: No. of rowers in crew.
Peak pull; P1: Value of first oarhandle pull peak.
Peak pull; P2: Value of second oarhandle pull peak.
Free period: Fixes length of recovery period (cannot be specified if rating
is fixed)
Stroke rating: Fixes rating (cannot be specified if free period is fixed).
Stroke Data
Specifies the time spent in the subject motion regime as a fraction of the
total time available for all parts of the same regime, e.g., the excursion of
the slide from full leg compression to full leg extension comprising zero
motion, acceleration, constant velocity, and deceleration segments. These
motions (slide, torso, hands/arms, and force profile) are currently best
specified by Atkinsopht and are used to adjust the shell speed profile to
match those found in the field if available.
Initial shell speed: An estimate of the final initial shell speed (not the
average speed) in order to speed iteration convergence.
Initial drive/return ratio: An estimate of the final drive/return ratio in
order to speed iteration convergence.
Velocity exponent: The exponent (usually 2.0) applied to the velocity in the
equations of motion. There is some indication that a better model can be
obtained with exponents other than 2.0 (such as 1.85) but there is not yet
enough field trial data to confirm another value.
Oar blade lift and drag coefficients
The best currently available data are those of a flat plate, totally
immersed. See
Oarblade Lift and Drag.